@leemiyinghao: **Architectural Changes**: - Intel x86 gains the Linear Address Space Separation (LASS) feature, which defends against side-channel attacks by preventing page walks on kernel memory addresses when in user mode. - AMD introduces Smart Data Cache Injection (SDCI), allowing direct transfer of data from PCIe devices to the L3 cache, bypassing RAM for specific optimized cases. - ARM 64 now supports Memory System Resource Partitioning and Monitoring (MPAM) for managing shared resources in multi-user VM environments. - LoongArch begins implementation of a 32-bit version (LA32) for smaller devices like IoT, aiming for cost-effectiveness. - RISC-V gains plug parallel support, making it faster to enable secondary cores in an SOC. **File System and Block Changes** - EXT4 sees optimizations for online defragmentation and now supports block sizes larger than the kernel page size, improving performance and file system size limits. - NTFS now supports pre-1970s timestamps by allowing negative integers in its internal time management. - HFS continues to receive corruption fixes and internal tests, indicating ongoing support. - Full per-CPU BIO caching is now the default, reducing slab allocator bottlenecks and showing small performance gains in block I/O operations.